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Kingdom of Kandy නුවර රාජදානියෙ පැරණි ඉතිහාසය සින්හලෙන් කියවන්න


The Kingdom of Kandy was an independent monarchy of the island of Lanka, located in the central and eastern portion of the island. It was founded in the late 15th century and endured until the early 19th century. Initially a client kingdom of the Kingdom of Kotte, Kandy gradually established itself as an independent force during the tumultuous 16th and 17th centuries, allying at various times with the Jaffna Kingdom, the Madurai Nayak Dynasty of South India, Sitawaka, and the Dutch to ensure its survival. From the 1590s, it was the sole independent native polity on the island of Sri Lanka, and through a combination of hit-and-run tactics and diplomacy kept European colonial forces at bay, before finally succumbing to final, British colonial rule in 1818. The kingdom was absorbed into the British Empire as a protectorate following the Kandyan Convention of 1815, and definitively lost its autonomy following the Uva Rebellion of 1817.

Much of the Kandy Kingdom's territory was located in Sri Lanka's mountainous and thickly forested interior, with mountain passes to the capital providing plenty of opportunities for defenders to stage ambushes. Routes to the city were kept secret, and spreading information concerning them could often result in death. Many routes into the hill country became impassable during the annual monsoon, and malaria was rife. Throughout its existence Kandyan forces used the land to their advantage, engaging in guerrilla warfare against invading forces and evacuating major urban centres when enemy forces drew near  a tactic used with particular effect during the Kandyan Wars. Though the kingdom had intermittent access to the port of Batticaloa it had no naval forces and could not prevent the Portuguese and Dutch maintaining a strong presence in lowland areas.

The city of Senkadagalapura may have been founded as early as the mid-14th century during the reign of Vikramabahu III of Gampola (1357–1374). Central Sri Lanka was ruled by the kings of Kotte from the early 15th to late 16th centuries; with Kotte's weakening in the face of Portugueseinfluence the area developed into an autonomous domain with Senkadagalapura at its capital. Following the Spoiling of Vijayabahu in 1521, and the subsequent partition of the kingdom of Kotte, Kandy asserted its independence and emerged as a serious rival to the eastern and southern kingdoms.

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මහනුවර රාජධානිය දිවයිනේ මධ්යම හා නැගෙනහිර ප්රදේශයෙහි පිහිටි දිවයිනේ ස්වාධීන රාජාණ්ඩුවකි. එය 15 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය දක්වාම පැවතුනි. මුලින් කෝට්ටේ රාජධානියේ සේවා රාජ්යය 16 වන හා 17 වන ශත වර්ෂවලදී ස්වාධීන බලවේගයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන බලකොටුවක් ලෙස ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. මෙය යාපනය රාජධානිය සමග විවිධ යුගයේදී, දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ මදුරෙයි නයිකි රාජධානිය , සිත්තක හා එහි පැවැත්ම තහවුරු කිරීම සඳහා ලන්දේසීන්. 1590 දශකයේ සිට එය ශ්රී ලංකාවේ දිවයිනේ එකම ස්වාධීන දේශීය දේශපාලන රාජ්යය වූ අතර 1818 දී බ්රිතාන්ය යටත් විජිත පාලනයට අවසානයේ යටත් වීමට පෙර යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිත බලවේගයන් විසින් වේගයෙන් ක්රියාත්මක වූ උපක්රම සහ රාජ්ය තාන්ත්රික ක්රමවේදයන් හරහා සංයෝජන මගින් යුක්ත විය. 1815 උඩරට ගිවිසුමට අනුකූලව බ්රිතාන්ය අධිරාජ්යයට රාජ්යය තුලට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර 1817 ඌව කැරැල්ලට පසු එහි ස්වාධීනත්වය අහිමි විය.

උඩරට රාජධානියේ බොහෝ ප්රදේශ පිහිටා තිබුණේ කඳුකර සහ ඝන වනාන්තර අභ්යන්තරයෙහි පිහිටි කඳුකර ප්රදේශයකය. ප්රාග්ධන අගනුවරට ආරක්ෂාව සපයන ආරක්ෂකයින්ට සැඟවී සිටීමේ ඉඩ ප්රස්ථා සලසා දෙන ලදී. නගරයට යන මාර්ග රහසිගතව තබාගන්නා අතර, ඒවා සම්බන්ධයෙන් තොරතුරු පැතිරීම බොහෝ විට මරණයට හේතු විය හැකිය. වාර්ෂික මෝසම තුළදී කඳුකරයට බොහෝ මාර්ග නොපෑහෙන අතර මැලේරියාව පැතිර ගියේය. මහනුවර යුධ භටයින් විසින් මෙම භූමිය පුරාවටම තම වාසියට යොදා ගනිමින් ගරිල්ලා සටන්වලට එරෙහිව ගරිල්ලා යුධ මෙහෙයුම් දියත් කරමින් හා ප්රධාන නාගරික මධ්යස්ථාන ඉවත් කර ගත්හ. රාජධානිය මඩකලපුවේ වරායට බාධාවකින් තොරව නාවික කටයුතුවල නිරතව සිටියත් පෘතුගාලය හා ලන්දේසීන් පහත්බිම් ප්රදේශවල ප්රබල ලෙස රැඳී සිටීම වැළැක්විය නොහැකි විය.


ක්රි.ව. 14 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ගම්පොළ III වන වික්රමබාහුගේ පාලන සමයේදී සෙන්කඩගලපුර නගරය ආරම්භ විය හැකිය (1357-1374). 15 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට 16 වැනි සියවස දක්වා කෝට්ටේ රජවරුන් පාලනය කළේ මධ්යම ශ්රී ලංකාව. කෝට්ටේ දුර්වල වීමෙන් පෘතුගීසීන් මුහුණ පාන්නට සිදුවූ අතර එම ප්රදේශය ප්රාග්ධනයේ සේෙන්කඩගලපුර සමග ස්වාධීන වසම බවට පත් විය. 1521 දී විජයබාහුගේ කෝපයට පත් කිරීමෙන් පසුව කෝට්ටේ රාජධානියේ කොටස් බෙදී යාමෙන් පසු මහනුවර සිය ස්වාධීනත්වය ප්රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර නැඟෙනහිර හා දකුණු රාජධානිවලට බරපතල විරුද්ධවාදියෙකු ලෙස පෙනී සිටියේය


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